@article{oai:shiga-med.repo.nii.ac.jp:02000007,
 author = {辻, 俊一郎 and 信田, 侑里 and 花田, 哲郎 and 竹林, 明枝 and 稲富, 絢子 and 高橋, 顕雅 and 天野, 創 and 村上, 節 and TSUJI, Shunichiro and NOBUTA, Yuri and HANADA, Tetsuro and TAKEBAYASHI, Akie and INATOMI, Ayako and TAKAHASHI, Akimasa and AMANO, Tsukuru and MURAKAMI, Takashi},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {Reproductive medicine and biology},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {Background: 
Cesarean scar defects (CSD) are caused by cesarean sections and cause various symptoms. Although there has been no previous consensus on the name of this condition for a long time, it has been named cesarean scar disorder (CSDi).

Methods: 
This review summarizes the definition, prevalence, and etiology of CSD, as well as the pathophysiology and treatment of CSDi. We focused on surgical therapy and examined the effects and procedures of laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and transvaginal surgery.

Main findings: 
The definition of CSD was proposed as an anechoic lesion with a depth of at least 2 mm because of the varied prevalence, owing to the lack of consensus. CSD incidence depends on the number of times, procedure, and situation of cesarean sections. Histopathological findings in CSD are fibrosis and adenomyosis, and chronic inflammation in the uterine and pelvic cavities decreases fertility in women with CSDi. Although the surgical procedures are not standardized, laparoscopic, hysteroscopic, and transvaginal surgeries are effective.

Conclusion: 
The cause and pathology of CSDi are becoming clear. However, there is variability in the prevalence and treatment strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies using the same definitions.},
 title = {Prevalence, definition, and etiology of cesarean scar defect and treatment of cesarean scar disorder : A narrative review},
 volume = {22},
 year = {2023}
}